Explained: The Complete Court History of the Epstein Files
- Investigation
- November 17, 2025

The Supreme Court’s circular requiring a certified copy in statutory appeals, issued after the directions in Central Bank of India v. Bijendra Kumar Jha & Others, has raised an important institutional question. Can a court system that promotes digitisation, e-filing, online judgments, and AI-based reform still refuse to place procedural trust in its own official digital records? This article argues that the rule may strengthen filing certainty, but it also exposes a deeper digital justice gap by preserving paper-based formalism at the threshold stage of appeal.
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In State of Himachal Pradesh v. Surat Singh, the Supreme Court upheld an acquittal in an 11 kg charas case because the search process failed Section 50 scrutiny. The ruling shows that in NDPS prosecutions, quantity cannot cure defective procedure.
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The Iran war is no longer only a regional conflict. It is now testing Western unity through sanctions waivers, energy-market disruption, and growing allied reluctance over escalation and burden-sharing.
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Israel and the U.S. may be on the same side in the Iran war, but they are not reading the conflict through the same strategic lens. Tel Aviv focuses on immediate threat reduction and deterrence, while Washington must also weigh escalation, energy security, alliance stability, and political cost.
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